Dodge, Duck, Dip, Dive & dependence: Using dodgeball to explore frequency dependent selection

Abstract

The term frequency dependence describes scenarios in which the likelihood of an event occurring is strongly tied to how common a particular trait is. Understanding frequency dependence is key to understanding numerous biological processes relevant to evolution by natural selection, such as predation, mimicry, disease, and effective vaccinations. We use dodgeball to demonstrate frequency dependent selection in a hypothetical predator--prey community, and provide possible extensions into other topics. This activity can be used with biology students in high school through upper-level undergraduate courses.