Fear-driven extinction and (de)stabilization in a predator-prey model incorporating prey herd behavior and mutual interference

Abstract

The indirect effect of predation due to fear has proven to have adverse effects on the reproductive rate of the prey population. Here, we present a deterministic two-species predator-prey model with prey herd behavior, mutual interference, and the effect of fear. We give conditions for the existence of some local and global bifurcations at the coexistence equilibrium. We also show that fear can induce extinction of the prey population from a coexistence zone in finite time. Our numerical simulations reveal that varying the strength of fear of predators with suitable choice of parameters can stabilize and destabilize the coexistence equilibrium solutions of the model. Further, we discuss the outcome of introducing a constant harvesting effort to the predator population in terms of changing the dynamics of the system, in particular, from finite time extinction to stable coexistence.