Development of Black Spruce Layers in Quebec and Ontario

Abstract

Black spruces of layer or seed origin develop into merchantable trees with similar growth in height, diameter and volume. Layerings tend to have a poorer stem form than seedlings, especially under adverse growing conditions. However, stem form of old layering trees is considerably better. The proportion of layerings and seedlings is influenced by stand history. Black spruce stands undisturbed for a long time consist largely of layerings. After fire, scarification, or exposure of mineral soil, stands regenerate mainly from seedlings. Stocking of black spruce is satisfactory where advance growth has been preserved after cutting, whether it is of layer or of seed origin.