Trauma exposure and transdiagnostic distress: Examining shared and posttraumatic stress disorder–specific associations

Abstract

We examined transdiagnostic and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)–specific associations with multiple forms of trauma exposure within a nationwide U.S. sample (N = 1,649, 50.0% female) of military veterans overselected for PTSD. A higher-order Distress factor was estimated using PTSD, major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms as indicators. A structural equation model spanning three assessment points over an average of 3.85 years was constructed to examine the unique roles of higher-order Distress and PTSD-specific variance in accounting for the associations between trauma exposure, measured using the Life Events Checklist (LEC) and Deployment Risk and Resiliency Inventory Combat subscale (DRRI-C), and psychosocial impairment. The results suggest the association between trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms was primarily mediated by higher-order distress (70.7% of LEC effect, 63.2% of DRRI-C effect), but PTSD severity retained a significant association with trauma exposure independent of distress, LEC: β =.10, 95% CI [.06,.13]; DRRI-C: β =.11, 95% CI [.07,.14]. Both higher-order distress, β =.31, and PTSD-specific variance, β =.36, were necessary to account for the association between trauma exposure and future impairment. Findings suggest that trauma exposure may contribute to comorbidity across a range of internalizing symptoms as well as to PTSD-specific presentations.