Advances and Challenges in Micro/Nanocarrier-Based Dermal Drug Delivery Systems for Acne Treatment

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disease, for which topical pharmacotherapy remains challenging due to the skin barrier and complex pathological mechanisms. In recent years, micro/nanocarrier-based dermal delivery systems have emerged as novel strategies to overcome these barriers. These carriers can significantly enhance local drug bioavailability, targeting precision, and therapeutic duration. Furthermore, by integrating functionally complementary carriers, synergistic effects can be achieved across spatial, temporal, and biological dimensions, offering a systematic intervention for this multifactorial condition. However, the clinical translation of such technologies is still hindered by several challenges, including scalable manufacturing processes, long-term safety evaluation, reliable preclinical models, and harmonized regulatory standards. Looking forward, the convergence of multiomics diagnostics and digital manufacturing is expected to advance intelligent closed-loop systems capable of real-time sensing and adaptive regulation, thereby enabling truly personalized and precise treatment. This progress will shift acne management from symptomatic control toward modulation of the underlying pathology.