Patellofemoral joint loading and early osteoarthritis after ACL reconstruction

Abstract

Patellofemoral joint (PFJ) osteoarthritis is common following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and may be linked with altered joint loading. However, little is known about the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between PFJ loading and osteoarthritis post-ACLR. This study tested if altered PFJ loading is associated with prevalent and worsening early PFJ osteoarthritis post-ACLR. Forty-six participants (mean ± 1 SD age 26 ± 5 years) approximately 1-year post-ACLR underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biomechanical assessment of their reconstructed knee. Trunk and lower-limb kinematics plus ground reaction forces were recorded during the landing phase of a standardized forward hop. These data were input into a musculoskeletal model to calculate the PFJ contact force. Follow-up MRI was completed on 32 participants at 5-years post-ACLR. Generalized linear models (Poisson regression) assessed the relationship between PFJ loading and prevalent early PFJ osteoarthritis (i.e., presence of a PFJ cartilage lesion at 1-year post-ACLR) and worsening PFJ osteoarthritis (i.e., incident/progressive PFJ cartilage lesion between 1- and 5-years post-ACLR). A lower peak PFJ contact force was associated with prevalent early PFJ osteoarthritis at 1-year post-ACLR (n = 14 [30.4%]; prevalence ratio: 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.85) and a higher risk of worsening PFJ osteoarthritis between 1- and 5-years post-ACLR (n = 9 [28.1%]; risk ratio: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.13–2.11). Young adults post-ACLR who exhibited lower PFJ loading during hopping were more likely to have early PFJ osteoarthritis at 1-year and worsening PFJ osteoarthritis between 1- and 5-years. Clinical interventions aimed at mitigating osteoarthritis progression may be beneficial for those with signs of lower PFJ loading post-ACLR.