Consequences of antibiotic overuse in Saudi Arabia: a multidimensional analysis

Abstract

Background Antibiotic overuse is a significant public health challenge in Saudi Arabia, contributing to the global rise of antibiotic resistance. This study investigates demographic factors, awareness levels, and perceptions influencing the misuse of antibiotics in the Saudi population. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among individuals aged 18 and above, recruited through random sampling across Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a validated online questionnaire assessing antibiotic use behaviors, awareness of antibiotic resistance, and perceptions of associated risks. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, identified predictors of antibiotic misuse. Results Among the 525 participants, 86.1% were aware of antibiotic resistance, yet 59.05% mistakenly believed antibiotics are effective against viral infections. Antibiotic misuse was prevalent, with 86.1% admitting to use without a prescription and 81.9% stopping antibiotics prematurely. Younger age (18–29 years; OR = 2.35, p < 0.001) and lower education levels (high school or below; OR = 1.78, p = 0.015) were significant predictors of misuse. Public awareness campaigns and stricter regulations were supported by 86.1% and 85.9% of respondents, respectively. Conclusions Antibiotic misuse in Saudi Arabia is influenced by demographic factors, insufficient awareness, and misconceptions about antibiotic resistance. Targeted educational programs, robust public health campaigns, and regulatory enforcement are critical to addressing this issue. Leveraging digital health technologies offers a promising avenue to promote responsible antibiotic use and mitigate the threat of resistance.