Carbon Footprint Variability in Engineered Wood Products for Timber Buildings: A Systematic Review of Carbon Accounting Methodologies

Abstract

Engineered wood products (EWPs) and timber buildings are increasingly recognised for their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by storing biogenic carbon and replacing emission-intensive materials. This article systematically evaluates the carbon footprint (CF) of EWPs and timber buildings during the production stage (A1–A3), identifies key sources of variability, and extracts quantitative emission reduction metrics. Based on a review of 63 peer-reviewed studies, CF values vary widely, from −40 to 1050 kg CO2eq m−2 for buildings and 12 to 759 kg CO2eq m−3 for EWPs, due to inconsistent system boundaries, functional units, and emission factor assumptions. Median CFs were 165.5 kg CO2eq m−2 and 169.3 kg CO2eq m−3, respectively. Raw material extraction (50.7%), manufacturing (37.1%), and transport (12.2%) were the dominant contributors. A mitigation matrix was developed, showing potential reductions: 20% via transport optimisation, 24–28% through low-density timber, 76% from renewable energy, 11% via sawmill efficiency, 75% through air drying, and up to 92% with reclaimed timber. The geographic skew toward Europe and North America underscores the need for region-specific data. The findings provide actionable benchmarks and strategies to support carbon accounting, emissions modelling, and climate policy for more sustainable construction.