Who Believes in the Species? Three-Factor Structure and Heritability of Generativity

Abstract

Erikson asked what makes some people care for the future of the species and others not, calling this 'generativity vs. stagnation'. In three studies, we addressed structure of this trait and its heritability. Study 1 (N = 1570), using structural models of the Loyola Generativity Scale, revealed three correlated factors consisting of (1) Establishing and aiding the next generation; (2) Maintaining the world; and (3) Symbolic immortality through a positive legacy. Study 2 (N = 311) successfully replicated this structure in an independent UK sample. Study 3 tested genetic and environmental influences on generativity. All three factors showed significant and substantial heritable influence. A general factor was required, which was also heritable. In resolving previous uncertainty over the transmission of generativity across generations, shared environmental transmission models fit poorly. Substantial unique environmental effects suggest strong cultural impacts on concern for the species. Generativity researchers may usefully adopt this three-factor scoring system, allowing research on the predictive power of each component of generativity as well as molecular genetic or biological studies.