Induced sputum in adolescents with severe stable asthma. Safety and the relationship of cell counts and eosinophil cationic protein to clinical severity

Abstract

This study examined the safety of sputum induction and the relation between sputum cell counts and clinical parameters in adolescents with severe persistent asthma. Within 5 days, induced sputum and reversibility in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), quality of life, provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) of adenosine monophosphate and histamine, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, overall asthma severity index, and blood eosinophils were collected in 20 atopic adolescents with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma (12-18 yrs of age, FEV1 65-110% of predicted, on 500-2,000 μg inhaled steroids daily). FEV1 was reversible by 13.3±2.3% pred. After sputum induction, FEV1 was still increased by 9.0±2.6% pred as compared to the pre-salbutamol baseline. Sputum contained, median (range): 12.4 (0.4-59.5)% squamous cells, 47.3 (6.8-84.0)% macrophages, 39.0 (4.6-84.8)% neutrophils, 4.8 (1.0-12.4)% lymphocytes, 0.4 (0-10.8)% eosinophils and 3.6 (0-23.4)% bronchial epithelial cells. Sputum eosinophils showed a trend towards a significant association with the overall asthma severity index (r=0.46, p=0.06) and correlated inversely with baseline FEV1 (r=-0.51, p=0.03). In conclusion, sputum can be induced safely in adolescents with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma, if pretreated with β2-agonists. Despite relatively low sputum eosinophil counts in these patients on inhaled steroids, the association of eosinophil numbers with baseline forced expiratory volume in one second and asthma severity index favours a role of induced sputum in monitoring adolescents with severe asthma.