Extensive Experience Remodels Neural Task Circuitry to Escape the Frontal Bottleneck and Increase Automaticity of Categorization

Abstract

30,000 trials across 5–10 weeks to categorize novel morphed car stimuli via a mobile app. We used fMRI and EEG rapid adaptation techniques to examine neural responses after initial learning (∼4 hr in 1–2 weeks) and after extensive training (∼16 additional hours over another 4–8 weeks). Converging fMRI and EEG results showed that extensive training fundamentally remodeled task-related circuitry: Visual areas in ventral occipito-temporal cortex (vOTC) were initially shape-selective, but category-selective responses emerged in the vOTC after extensive training. The vOTC also showed decreased functional connectivity with the pFC and increased connectivity with motor output areas. This supports the hypothesis that extensive experience enables category decisions to occur outside of the “frontal bottleneck.” Critically, the decrease in connectivity between vOTC and pFC was associated with improved categorization performance while dual-tasking, indicating increased automaticity. These findings demonstrate that prolonged training reshapes the neural basis of categorization, shifting it from a flexible but attentionally controlled process to a more streamlined, automatic process.