A brief review of post-lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

Energy storage is an extremely important problem today. Among the most efficient batteries, lithium-ion occupy a special place. Lithium is the most active known reducing agent. It has a huge energy storage resource. 1 kg of lithium is capable of storing 3860 ampere-hours. However, lithium-ion batteries have almost reached their limits and are characterized by a high cost, which raises the question of the further development of such technologies based on the so-called post-lithium-ion batteries. This paper provides an overview of post-lithium-ion batteries such as lithium-oxygen batteries, sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries and their comparison with known lithium-ion batteries. The commercialization of post-lithium-ion batteries is also discussed.