Exploring Carbon-Based Materials as Supports for Active Metals in Ammonia Decomposition: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The global pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has intensified research into efficient hydrogen production, with ammonia (NH3) decomposition emerging as a promising method due to its high hydrogen content. Catalyst design is critical to this process, in which carbon-based supports play a key role in enhancing performance. This review explores the use of various carbon-based supports, such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, Sibunit, mesoporous carbon, graphene, and xerogels, as carriers for metal catalysts in NH3 decomposition. These supports offer thermal stability, high surface area, and favorable electronic properties, promoting better dispersion of active metal sites. This review critically examines both noble and non-noble metal catalysts and discusses how the carbon support structure and modifications influence performance. Mechanistic insights into NH3 decomposition, key elementary steps, and catalyst behavior are detailed. Challenges and future directions in carbon-supported catalyst development are highlighted to guide advancements in hydrogen production and sustainable energy systems.