Autoantibodies to neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels: From neuromuscular to neuropsychiatric disorders

Abstract

Changes of voltage-gated ion channels and ligand-gated receptor channels caused by mutation or autoimmune attack are the cause of so-called channelopathies in the central and peripheral nervous system. We present the pathophysiology of channelopathies of the neuromuscular junction in terms of loss-of-function and gain-of-function principles. Autoantibodies generally have reduced access to the central nervous system, but in some cases this is enough to cause disease. A review is provided of recent findings implicating autoantibodies against ligand-activated receptor channels and potassium channels in psychiatric and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia and limbic encephalitis. The emergence of channelopathy-related neuropsychiatric disorders has implications for research and practice. © 2013 Martinez-Martinez, Molenaar, Losen, Stevens, De Baets, Szoke, Honnorat, Tamouza, Leboyer, Van Os and Rutten.