Diurnal Variations in Greenspace Cooling Efficiency and Their Non-Linear Responses to Meteorological Change: Hourly Analysis of Air Temperature in Changsha, China

Abstract

Enhancing greenspace cooling efficiency (GCE) is a cost-effective nature-based solution to improve the urban thermal environment. The spatiotemporal patterns of GCE and their driving factors have been investigated mainly based on land surface temperature in a spatial comparison perspective. However, the diurnal change in GCE based on air temperature (AT) and its non-linear responses to meteorological factors are far from thoroughly understood. Taking the subtropical Chinese city of Changsha as an example, we quantified the hourly GCE based on AT in the hottest month of 2020, investigated its diurnal changes, and uncovered its non-linear responses to meteorological change using the Generalized Additive Model. The results showed that (1) the hourly GCE displayed a U-shaped temporal pattern with an average of 0.0128 °C%−1. The nighttime GCE (0.0134 °C%−1) was significantly higher than the daytime GCE (0.012 °C%−1). (2) Meteorological factors (i.e., temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) significantly and non-linearly impacted GCE. (3) The responses of GCE to changes in relative humidity and wind speed followed an inverted U-shaped pattern, with the maximum values appearing at a relative humidity of 70% and a wind speed of 6m/s, respectively. GCE responded to temperature change more complexly, i.e., a negative response (<28 °C), then a positive response (30–35 °C), and finally a negative response (>35 °C). These findings extend our understanding of the diurnal variations of GCE and the non-linear responses to meteorological change and can help effective urban greenspace planning and management in Changsha, China, and other cities with similar climates in an era of rapid climate change. For example, expanding greenspace coverage as well as optimizing greenspace spatial configuration should be a priority action in areas where the AT is higher than 35 °C currently and will be in the future.