Association between body composition and body mass index in young Japanese women

Abstract

The National Nutrition Survey of Japan indicated a trend toward a decreasing body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) among young Japanese women. Current studies suggest that not-high BMI often does not correlate with not-high body fat percentage. Recently, the classification of BMI in adult Asians was proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. The addition of an "at risk of overweight" category, BMI as 23.0-24.9, was intended to prevent chronic diseases. We investigated the association between body fat percentage (BF%) and BMI to evaluate the screening performance of BMI focused on individual preventive medicine. The subjects consisted of 605 female college students. The subjects' ages (y), heights (cm), body weights (kg), BMIs, and BF percents with underwater weighing expressed as the means±SD were 19.6±0.5, 158.7±5.6, 53.8±7.2, 21.3±2.4, and 24.9±4.9, respectively. We defined high BF% as ±85th percentile of BF% (29.8%). High-BF% individuals are often not classified into BMI≥23.0 because their BMI readings are very broad (18.4-31.7). In comparison to the screening performances (specificity and sensitivity), BMI≥23.0 (85.3% and 52.1%, respectively), rather than BMI≥25.0 (96.7% and 29.8%, respectively), is recommended for the mass evaluation of fatness. For this reason, the BMI "at risk of overweight" category is characterized as the threshold of increasing the appearance ratio of high-BF% individuals. In conclusion, the BMI≥25.0 kg/m2 category is determined as high BF%, regardless of body composition measurement for mass evaluation as a result of quite high specificity. Even so, body composition measurement is necessitated by the individual evaluation of fatness focused on preventive medicine because BMI performed a poor representation of body composition, especially BMI<25.0 kg/m2 individuals.