Effectiveness of non-interruptive nudge interventions in electronic health records to improve the delivery of care in hospitals: a systematic review

Abstract

Objectives: To describe the application of nudges within electronic health records (EHRs) and their effects on inpatient care delivery, and identify design features that support effective decision-making without the use of interruptive alerts. Materials and methods: We searched Medline, Embase, and PsychInfo (in January 2022) for randomized controlled trials, interrupted time-series and before–after studies reporting effects of nudge interventions embedded in hospital EHRs to improve care. Nudge interventions were identified at full-text review, using a pre-existing classification. Interventions using interruptive alerts were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool (Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions) for non-randomized studies or the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care Group methodology for randomized trials. Study results were summarized narratively. Results: We included 18 studies evaluating 24 EHR nudges. An improvement in care delivery was reported for 79.2% (n ¼ 19; 95% CI, 59.5–90.8) of nudges. Nudges applied were from 5 of 9 possible nudge categories: change choice defaults (n ¼ 9), make information visible (n ¼ 6), change range or composition of options (n ¼ 5), provide reminders (n ¼ 2), and change option-related effort (n ¼ 2). Only one study had a low risk of bias. Nudges targeted ordering of medications, laboratory tests, imaging, and appropriateness of care. Few studies evaluated long-term effects. Discussion: Nudges in EHRs can improve care delivery. Future work could explore a wider range of nudges and evaluate long-term effects. Conclusion: Nudges can be implemented in EHRs to improve care delivery within current system capabilities; however, as with all digital interventions, careful consideration of the sociotechnical system is crucial to enhance their effectiveness.