Sustainable paper from agricultural residues: differentiating treatment effects in banana pseudostem fibers using X-STATIS multiblock analysis

Abstract

Introduction: The sustainable valorization of agricultural waste is key to advancing circular economy models and reducing environmental impacts. Banana pseudostem (Musa spp.), an abundant byproduct of tropical agriculture, is evaluated as a renewable raw material for eco-friendly papermaking. Methods: Four treatments were applied to banana pseudostem pulp: untreated, naturally fermented, starchenhanced, and mechanically re-homogenized. Key physical and mechanical properties basis weight, caliper, and tear resistance were measured. Data were analyzed using Partial Triadic Analysis (X-STATIS) to assess structural differences and consistency. Results: Natural fermentation improved fiber bonding, starch addition significantly increased mechanical strength, and mechanical re-homogenization negatively affected structural integrity. Distinct differences in paper quality were observed among treatments. Discussion: Banana pseudostem shows strong potential as a sustainable lignocellulosic resource for papermaking. Optimized treatments improve material properties, supporting agro-industrial waste valorization and contributing to circular bioeconomy practices in tropical regions.