Prevalence of depression and generalised anxiety disorders in Iraq: a nationwide study

Abstract

Background: Globally, depression and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) are among the most common mental health conditions. In Iraq, decades of war, displacement, economic hardship, and an under-resourced mental health infrastructure have contributed to an increasing mental health burden. Aim: This study aimed to explore the prevalence of depression and GAD and examine sociodemographic correlates in a nationwide sample in Iraq. Method: A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2024 to February 2025 in Iraq using a hybrid approach, relying mainly on in-person recruitment and supplemented with an online survey in remote areas to improve inclusion. A total of 3,107 participants aged ≥ 18 years completed the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlations, and simple linear regression to estimate prevalence, compare groups, assess comorbidity, and evaluate predictive relationships. Results: Among 3,107 adults (56.2% female; mean age = 35.6 years), severe depression was found in 20.4% of the general sample (Middle / South 22.3% vs. KRI 19.3%), and severe anxiety was 12.0% of the general sample (Middle / South 14.5% vs. KRI 10.6%). Female, widowed/separated adults, younger adults (18–35 years) and those with lower socioeconomic status or poorer health showed significantly higher levels (all p