An Analysis of the Techno-Economic, Socio-Technical and Political Perspectives of Kenya’s Energy Transition

Abstract

Efficient energy supply is critical for Kenya's socioeconomic development as it strives to meet national and global development targets. Despite its vast energy resources potential, Kenya faces challenges in providing access to modern energy sources. Achieving sufficient energy for socio-economic development requires transition in energy systems. Using multi-level perspective (MLP) approach, this study explored Kenya's energy transition by analyzing its techno-economic, socio-technical and political dimensions of the transition to understand its energy development trajectory and the potential for economic growth, energy security, and sustainable development. The findings revealed how energy governance and policy structures shape Kenya's transition, with both local and international actors influencing development plans and renewable energy investments. It further showed that Kenya’s national energy transition is driven by the abundance of renewable energy sources, leading to a consistent growth in the electricity sector, facilitated by market-based policy instruments such as feed-in tariffs that attracted private sector investment in renewable energy technologies. This study provides valuable insights into Kenya's energy transition by emphasizing the importance of sustainable development and universal energy access. It underscores the significance of aligning technology, societal acceptance, and institutional support and calls for a balanced approach that incorporates local interests in the energy transition.