Anatase TiO2 as Anode of Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review on Sustainable Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties

Abstract

Anatase TiO2 is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its safety, stability, and environmental friendliness. This article summarizes sustainable synthesis and electrochemical properties of anatase TiO2 anodes. The green synthesis of nanoparticulate TiO2 via plant extracts, fungi, algae, and bacteria has allowed the fabrication of TiO2 nanoparticles with controlled morphology and size with less dependency on toxic substances and energy-demanding processes. The synthesis through waste utilization using industrial or agricultural byproducts is done by adding material's ecofriendliness and cost-effectiveness based on the conversion of waste into useful electrode material. Using aqueous binder systems such as styrene–butadiene rubber and carboxymethyl cellulose can lower production costs, improve safety, and lessen dependency on dangerous organic solvents like N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. In addition, this review analyzes how anatase TiO2 can be included in all-solid-state batteries and beyond LIB systems, such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Al3+ ion batteries. This review explains how TiO2 can improve ionic conductivity and cycling stability in solid-state structures and it interacts with different solid-state electrolytes. This comprehensive analysis emphasizes strategic significance of anatase TiO2 in developing high-performance and sustainable battery technologies. Prospective avenues for refining synthesis methodologies and investigating the function of TiO2 in next-generation energy storage devices are suggested.