Progress of studies on bHLH transcription factor families

Abstract

bHLH transcription factors are important players in various developmental processes of eukaryotes. They constitute a large family of transcription factors. bHLH family members have been identified in genomes of 20 organisms including 17 animals, two plants, and one yeast. Animal bHLHs are classified into 45 families based on their different functions in the regulation of gene expression. In addition, they are divided into 6 groups according to target DNA elements they bind and their own structural characteristics. Group A consists of 22 families. They mainly regulate neurogenesis, myogenesis and mesoderm formation. Group B consists of 12 families. They mainly regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, sterol metabolism and adipocyte formation, and expression of glucose-responsive genes. Group C has seven families. They are responsible for the regulation of midline and tracheal development, circadian rhythms, and for the activation of gene transcription in response to environmental toxins. Group D has only one family. It forms inactive heterodimers with group A bHLH proteins. Group E has two families, which regulate embryonic segmentation, somitogenesis and organogenesis etc. Group F also has one family. It regulates head development and formation of olfactory sensory neurons etc. This article presents a brief review on progress achieved in studies related to the classification, origination and functions of bHLH transcription factor families.