Homogeneous balls in a spontaneously broken U(1) gauge theory

Abstract

We study the coupled system consisting of a complex matter scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes spontaneously symmetry breaking. We show by numerical calculations that there are spherically symmetric nontopological soliton solutions. Homogeneous balls solutions, all fields take constant values inside the ball and in the vacuum state outside, appear in this system. It is shown that the homogeneous balls have the following properties: the charge density of the matter scalar field is screened by a counter charge cloud of the Higgs and gauge field everywhere; an arbitrarily large size is allowed; the energy density and pressure of the ball behave as a homogeneous nonrelativistic gas; a large ball is stable against dispersion into free particles and against decay into two smaller balls.