Gut–Brain–Microbiome Axis in the Regulation of Cancer Immune Escape and Immunotherapy in Tumors

Abstract

Accumulating evidence demonstrates crosstalk involving the intestine and the brain, with the gut microbiota serving as a critical mediator of this interaction. The gut microbiota, along with its derived metabolites and bioactive compounds, modulates the immune microenvironment of brain tumors via the gut–brain axis, thereby influencing tumor initiation, progression, invasion, and metastasis. This review systematically summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying gut–brain axis modulation of brain tumors and examines emerging therapeutic approaches, including advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy, that hold promise for future brain tumor treatment strategies.