The Dual Burden of Hepatitis B and C Among Drug Users in Asia: The First Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality among drug users in Asia. This study systematically reviews and analyzes the pooled prevalence of HBV and HCV, considering geographic and methodological variations. A meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines included data from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar on studies on HBV or HCV or a combination of both within Asia. A random-effects model estimated pooled prevalence, with subgroup analyses by region, study design, diagnostic method, and publication year. A total of 112 studies were analyzed. The pooled HBV prevalence among drug users was 14.3% (95% CI: 11.5–17.6), highest in Malaysia (28.7%) and Vietnam (26.6%). HCV prevalence was 58.6% (95% CI: 54.0–63.0), with the highest rates in Vietnam (63.5%) and China (62.9%). Retrospective studies reported a higher prevalence than cross-sectional ones. The use of ELISA for initial screening followed up by PCR reduced heterogeneity, improving diagnostic accuracy. HBV prevalence declined after 2010, while HCV rates remained persistently high. The high burden of HBV and HCV among drug users in Asia underscores an urgent public health concern. Targeted interventions, including vaccination, harm reduction strategies, and improved access to antiviral treatments, are essential to curbing transmission and enhancing health outcomes.