Umbilical cord entanglement: Diagnostic and clinical repercussions

Abstract

The use of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography since the first trimester of pregnancy allows the diagnosis and follow-up of cord entanglement throughout the entire pregnancy and delivery. This technology permits a more accurate diagnosis when compared with two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography or Doppler. The vast majority of cord entanglements observed at the end of the first-trimester will persist during the entire pregnancy; delivery outcome is usually not affected by this finding except for cases in which multiple cord entanglement is diagnosed.