High-voltage direct current fault current interruption: A technology review

Abstract

This review paper describes fault current interruption principles and various high-voltage direct currrent (HVDC) circuit breaker technologies. First, fundamentals of HVDC fault current interruption and a generic set of requirements of HVDC circuit breakers are presented. The critical parameters during fault current interruption are assessed using a simplified mathematical model. Then, the state-of-the-art of HVDC circuit breaker technologies and their application in actual HVDC multi-terminal projects is highlighted. Several sub-components of HVDC circuit breakers are standard components used in a non-standard application and, hence, have to face non-standard stresses. All of today's HVDC circuit breaker technologies consist of mechanical switching devices and metal-oxide surge arresters, which are used in an unconventional way. A critical analysis of these stresses compared to the stresses in a conventional application is provided. Recommendations on testing supported with examples of actual full-power ‘complete’ demonstration of HVDC circuit breakers up to 350 kV/20 kA are discussed. Finally, the actual status of standardisation activities is presented.