Hepatitis B Virus as an Emerging Public Health Concern in Resource-Limited Settings in Africa

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a public health concern, particularly in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs). The primary challenges in these regions stem from inadequate laboratory infrastructure and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals capable of managing active or occult HBV infections. Addressing these issues is crucial to improving patient outcomes and reinforcing public health strategies. Currently, many healthcare facilities in LMICs rely primarily on serological screening to detect HBV. While this method is beneficial, it has limitations in sensitivity and specificity, particularly in identifying occult HBV infections. The adoption of new diagnostic tools that utilize molecular approaches, in addition to the serological screening already in use in many healthcare facilities in LMICs, could enhance the ability to clinically manage patients with both active and occult HBV infections. Additionally, there is a need for further research on the factors contributing to HBV transmission and liver damage in these settings, especially in LMICs in Africa. By improving diagnostic capabilities and understanding the determinants of HBV dissemination and liver damage, public health responses can be more effective and targeted, ultimately reducing the burden of HBV in resource-limited settings from Africa.