Ethical Considerations in End-of-Life Decision Making: Balancing Autonomy and Beneficence

Abstract

Population aging has intensified the need for thoughtful end-of-life care, as the global demographic of those aged over 60 continues to rise. Modern medical advancements, while extending life through interventions like artificial nutrition and respiratory support, have also heightened the focus on end-oflife care. This care involves managing terminal illnesses, ensuring dignified death, and supporting families and caregivers. Ethical considerations are paramount in this context, as decisions about treatment limitations or continuation often fall on families, proxies, or physicians when patients cannot decide for themselves. Balancing autonomy patients' rights to make their own medical decisions with beneficence the duty to act in the patient’s best interest poses significant challenges. This review synthesizes ethical issues in end-of-life decision-making, emphasizing the principles of autonomy and beneficence. It explores dilemmas surrounding advanced directives, resuscitation, and palliative care. It underscores the importance of adopting a compassionate approach that honors patient preferences while managing intricate treatment choices to enhance quality of life and reduce suffering.