Short-Lived Climate Forcers in Urban City of Semarang Based on Land Use Category and Associated Health Risks

Abstract

Control of short-lived climate forcers (SLCF) is very crucial because it has quicker impact and more visible benefits in the short-term than control of carbon dioxide. For this reason, this research is aimed at estimating the level of SLCF (black carbon/BC, methane, and ozone) in the atmosphere, their impact and associated health risk (of certain SLCF). We measured BC at PM2.5,ground level ozone in 24h, and CH4, N2O and CO2 in five different sites in different land use categories. We also distributed questionnaires to vulnerable populations in the study area. The concentration of BC was in the range of 2.42-5.52 ug/m3. The proportion of BC in PM2.5 is between 4.9% and 12.74%. Ambient methane concentrations were higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Likewise, the oxidant concentration of O3, N2O, and CO2 showed that results of measurement were higher in the morning than in the afternoon. The average concentration ratio of short-term to long-term greenhouse gas (CH4: N2O: CO2) is 4.9:1:1304. In terms of health risk, Estimated Attribute Proportion (AP) resulting from BC is within 1.1% and 7.48%. Mitigation of short-term GHG pollutant emission sources would be in line with long-term GHG pollutant mitigation.