Characterization of the magnetotelluric tensor in terms of its invariants

Abstract

The magnetotelluric impedance tensor is defined in terms of seven independent parameters that are invariant under a rotation of the horizontal axes on the surface of the Earth, plus an angle that defines the orientation of the axes of reference. The invariants are algebraically related to but nevertheless different from those recently proposed by Szarka and Menvielle (1997). They have been chosen in such a way as to have clear representations on a Mohr circle diagram and also to reveal geoelectric properties of the Earth near the site where the impedance data are measured. The first two invariants define the properties of a 1-D earth when the next four invariants are negligibly small. If the next two are also non-negligible, the earth is 2-D with a strike direction that can be recovered. The last three invariants indicate different degrees of three-dimensionality and the discussion of them with reference to small-scale galvanic distortion in an otherwise 1- or 2-D structure largely retraces the insightful pioneering work of Bahr (1988). The properties of the invariants are illustrated with numerical calculations for a synthetic model consisting of a small conductive anomaly in the form of a cube at the surface of an otherwise 2-D earth that is divided by a vertical fault into regions with a strong resistivity contrast. Results are presented for synthetic data that contain only numerical noise, and for data to which 2 per cent random Gaussian noise has been added. The theoretical properties of the invariants are verified by the pure numerical data, and are confirmed statistically by the noisy data.