Bridging Knowledge Gaps and Shaping Attitudes Towards Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): A Comprehensive Study Among Healthcare Providers and Medical Students in Ha’il, Saudi Arabia, with Educational Implications

Abstract

Background: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a well-established yet controversial psychiatric treatment, often hindered by stigma, misconceptions and limited knowledge among healthcare providers and medical students. Despite its efficacy in treating severe psychiatric disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, its utilization is influenced by varying levels of awareness and attitudes. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of and attitudes towards ECT among healthcare providers and medical students in Ha’il, Saudi Arabia, while emphasizing educational implications and the need for targeted interventions. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between December 2022 and August 2023 using a structured, validated questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed demographic data, ECT-related knowledge and attitudes and was designed in both Arabic and English to ensure accessibility. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and t-tests to explore associations and differences. Key variables such as age, education, specialty and clinical exposure were considered to control for potential confounders. Efforts to minimize response bias included clear participant instructions, anonymous responses and appropriate sampling strategies. Results: A total of 266 participants (healthcare providers and medical students) were included. Healthcare providers demonstrated significantly higher levels of ECT knowledge than medical students (p<0.05). Younger participants aged 19-25 exhibited better ECT knowledge than older groups (p<0.05). Healthcare providers specializing in psychiatry exhibited significantly more positive attitudes towards ECT compared with those in other specialties (p<0.05). While factors such as gender and nationality showed no significant impact on knowledge levels, healthcare providers were notably more willing to consent to ECT treatment than medical students. Conclusion: This study identifies significant gaps in knowledge and attitudes towards ECT, particularly among medical students and non-psychiatry healthcare providers. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted educational interventions, including curriculum enhancements, clinical exposure, simulation training and interactive workshops, to improve understanding and promote positive attitudes towards ECT. By addressing these gaps, healthcare practitioners can improve informed decision-making and optimize patient outcomes. Future research should explore the role of cultural beliefs, media portrayals and broader public perceptions in influencing ECT acceptance in Saudi Arabia.