Polarity-Driven Isomerization of a Hydroxynaphthalimide-Containing Spiropyran at Room Temperature

Abstract

Design of spiropyrans showing spontaneous isomerization driven by the polarity of solvents is an important consideration for the synthesis of optical sensory materials. Although some spiropyrans undergo polarity-driven isomerization, they must be heated owing to the high activation energy required for isomerization. In this study, we describe that a spiropyran containing a hydroxynaphthalimide unit (1) exhibits a polarity-driven isomerization at room temperature. It exists as a colorless spirocyclic (SP) form in less polar solvents but is isomerized to a colored merocyanine (MC) form in polar solvents. The equilibrium amount of the MC form increases with an increase in the polarity of solvents. The MC form involves two resonance structures the quinoidal and zwitterionic forms. In polar media, the zwitterionic form dominates mainly owing to solvation by polar molecules. Solvation stabilizes the negative charge of the zwitterionic form and decreases its ground state energy, thereby enhancing SP → MC isomerization. The SP MC isomerization terminates within barely 30 s even at room temperature because the naphthol moiety with high π-electron density lowers the activation energy for the rate-determining rotational step.