Performance of fecal inflammatory biomarkers to identify watery shigellosis: Findings from the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Current syndromic guidelines for diarrhea treatment miss watery Shigella cases, leading to undertreatment of children who may benefit. Incorporating fecal inflammatory biomarkers into diagnosis may improve case identification. METHODS: We conducted an ancillary analysis using samples from six sites (The Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Peru) from the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH)-Shigella surveillance study, a facility-based hybrid study of children aged 6-35 months with diarrhea. Four fecal biomarkers were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays at enrollment: myeloperoxidase, calprotectin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (lipocalin-2), and hemoglobin. An ensemble model with leave-one-site-out cross-validation was used to predict watery shigellosis, incorporating biomarkers and nine clinical and socio-economic predictors. We compared the predictive performance of the algorithm using: a) all predictors (including biomarkers); b) all non-biomarker predictors; c) all predictors (with selected biomarkers). RESULTS: Between June 2022 and August 2024, a total of 4,191/9,476 (44.2%) children presented with watery diarrhea (non-bloody) and had their whole stool tested for the biomarkers and 4,083 stool samples or rectal swabs were tested by qPCR; 735 (18.0%) had Shigella-attributable diarrhea by qPCR. The full model incorporating all 13 predictors achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.75 [95% CI: 0.67-0.78], with a sensitivity of 0.67 and specificity of 0.75. Excluding biomarkers reduced model performance by 8% (AUC 0.67, 95% CI: 0.61-0.70). Adding hemoglobin alone improved the model's discriminatory ability by 7%, while further adding myeloperoxidase had marginal contribution (1%), and lipocalin-2 (0%) and calprotectin none (0%). CONCLUSION: Fecal hemoglobin substantially improved prediction scores for watery shigellosis. Consequently, implementation of point-of-care assays for hemoglobin could improve clinical diagnosis in these settings and inform appropriate antibiotic treatment.