The Role of Androgens in Ovarian Follicular Development: From Fertility to Ovarian Cancer

Abstract

Androgens, steroid hormones produced by follicular cells, play a crucial role in the regu- lation of ovarian function. They afect folliculogenesis directly through androgen recep- tors (ARs) or indirectly through aromatization to estrogens. Androgens are thought to be primarily involved in preantral follicle growth and prevention of follicular atresia. It also seems possible that they are involved in the activation of primordial follicles. According to the World Health Organization, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that alter hormonal signaling. EDCs comprise a wide variety of synthetic or natural chemi- cals arising from anthropogenic, industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. EDCs inter- fere with natural regulation of the endocrine system by either mimicking or blocking the function of endogenous hormones as well as acting directly on gene expression or through epigenetic modiications. Disruptions in ovarian processes caused by EDCs may originate adverse outcomes such as anovulation, infertility, or premature ovarian failure. In this chapter, we aim to point out a possible involvement of androgen excess or deiciency in the regulation of ovarian function. We will summarize the efects of EDCs expressing anti- androgenic or androgenic activity on female physiology. Continuous exposition to even small concentration of such compounds can initiate oncogenesis within the ovary.