Lowering Barriers to Augmented Reality in Chemistry─Easy Creation of Virtual 3D Molecular Models

Abstract

The integration of Augmented Reality (AR) into chemistry education holds significant promise but is often hindered by the effort associated with creating accurate digital molecular models. We propose two open-source tools that automate the creation of digital molecular models from SMILES strings: an online 3D molecular model generator and a Blender plugin. Two evaluations based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) were carried out. The first qualitative study (n = 11) identified the online generator as intuitive and efficient, while the Blender plugin provided greater flexibility at the cost of higher complexity. The second study (n = 67) reports a quantitative questionnaire based on the TAM and showed high ratings for the online generator. Future developments should particularly address supporting users in working with SMILES notation─e.g., by integrating access to chemical databases, offering graphical molecule builders, or providing explanatory tutorials─while expanding export options toward cross-platform formats (e.g., OBJ, STL), alongside optimizing the Blender plugin’s usability to foster broader classroom adoption.