Hate speech against women on social media: Case study analysis in Asia

Abstract

Social media has become a critical environment for the proliferation of gender-based hate speech, deeply influenced by cultural norms and systemic inequalities. This study examines hate speech against women in China, Japan, and other Asian countries through a comparative case study approach, focusing on legal, cultural, and technological factors. Findings highlight inadequate legal protections, normalized misogyny, and weak platform governance as key contributors. Cases such as the “pink-haired girl” in China and Shiori Yamao in Japan demonstrate the psychological and social impacts of online hostility. The study calls for gender-sensitive policies, public awareness, and platform accountability to foster safer digital environments.