Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies for Decarbonization: Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategic Pathways—A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Hydrogen (H2) fuel cells are increasingly recognized as a cornerstone technology in the global transition toward clean energy due to their high efficiency and zero-emission characteristics. This review synthesizes recent progress, challenges, and strategic pathways for the deployment of H2 fuel cells across the transportation, power generation, and industrial sectors. Advancements in catalyst design, membrane durability, and green H2 production via renewable-powered electrolysis have significantly improved performance, efficiency, and system reliability. At the same time, economic and infrastructural barriers, particularly high production costs, limited refueling networks, and challenges in H2 storage and distribution, continue to impede large-scale commercialization. Policy frameworks and targeted investments by governments and industry stakeholders have begun to address these limitations, accelerating technology readiness and market expansion. Notably, emerging approaches such as photoelectrochemical water splitting, artificial photosynthesis, and microbial electrolysis cells offer promising low-carbon routes for H2 generation. With continued research, supportive regulation, and scaled-up infrastructure, H2 fuel cells hold the potential to transform global decarbonization strategies by enabling sustainable, flexible, and secure energy systems. This review provides an integrated perspective to guide researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders in overcoming current barriers and unlocking the full potential of H2 fuel cells in achieving net-zero energy futures.