The role of dietary factors in the prevention and management of inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive review

Abstract

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are chronic conditions characterized by relapsing inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Although the etiology of IBD remains unclear, it is now well-established that both genetic susceptibility and environmental factors including diet, play essential roles in its pathogenesis. Dietary components can influence gut microbiota composition, immune regulation, and intestinal barrier integrity, thereby modulating disease onset, severity, and relapse. While some nutritional patterns and specific nutrients show therapeutic potential, others may aggravate inflammation. This comprehensive review explores the influence of macronutrients, micronutrients, and dietary regimens such as the Mediterranean diet, low FODMAP, and exclusive enteral nutrition on IBD. Additionally, the review highlights current evidence, clinical relevance, and research gaps in using dietary strategies to prevent and manage IBD effectively.