Factors Influence Embodied Energy and Embodied Carbon Value at Design Phase of Low Middle Class Apartment in Indonesia

Abstract

In 2015, it has been estimated that the housing backlog in Indonesia reaches 11.4 million units while the government has projected the decrease in 2019 as low as 6.8 million units. On the other hand, a massive development being implemented in Indonesia requires a high amount of material to be continuously provided in which those materials consume high amount of energy in their production. The Embodied Energy (EE) parameter can be used to measure the carbon emission being ejected during the material production process. The EE parameter can further be used in the development policy to anticipate the process since its planning until the later construction phase. This paper explains the factors influencing EE parameter value in the design phases for typical unit in lower-to-middle class apartments in Indonesia. Several properties on the material are measured including volume, types, and module. This research finds that embodied impacts on cement based material, ceramics and modular material choices are consistently the most significant, regardless of building design configuration. Certain mitigation needs to be conducted in the design phases to prevent any environmental damage caused by unrestricted usage of building materials such as by preventing or reducing waste material mainly in terms of the limited available space for waste disposal.