A quantitative assessment of the accuracy of techniques for calculating graupel growth.

Abstract

The accuracy of various techniques for calculating the collection efficiency, accretional density and terminal velocity of graupel particles is examined, using for verification experimental graupel growth data from Pflaum and Pruppacher. An approach to calculating the collection efficiency is recommended, based on theoretical considerations and supported by the experimental data. Techniques for calculating the density during accretion and the terminal velocities of graupel which grow from frozen drops are developed. -Authors