Nanoparticles mitigate arsenic stress in plants by modulating defence mechanisms

Abstract

Arsenic (As) stress greatly affects plant growth and production, threatening food security and also human health through the food chain. As alters various physi-ological processes that subsequently affect the normal metabolism in plants. The plants have evolved differ-ent mechanisms against stress, where nanoparticles (NPs) improve plant metabolism and the defence sys-tem, thereby alleviating As stress in it. This article dis-cusses the effects of As in plants at different levels, and the role of NPs in modulating the plant defence system against As stress. This article may help encourage fu-ture research on plant protective mechanisms against stress and the significance of NPs in plant science and agriculture.