Exploring community awareness of monkeypox: a descriptive phenomenological study in Indonesia

Abstract

Background: In 2024, Indonesia experienced a significant increase in confirmed monkeypox (Mpox) cases, which raised public health concerns. This surge took place amid limited health literacy and a heavy reliance on informal information channels. Despite the increasing number of cases, little is known about how individuals in Indonesia perceive and respond to Mpox within their sociocultural contexts. Aim: This study explored how individuals in Indonesia became aware of Mpox, perceived its risks, and responded to it within their family and community settings. Methods: A descriptive phenomenological approach was used. Nineteen purposively selected adults from multiple Indonesian provinces participated in three online focus group discussions (September 2024). Transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method (repeated reading, extracting significant statements, formulating meanings, clustering themes, developing an exhaustive description, identifying the fundamental/essential structure, and validating findings through member checking). Results: Three key themes emerged: (1) Awareness and Information Dynamics. Participants described experiencing fragmented exposure and selectively trusting information related to Mpox. (2) Perception and Emotional Response. Participants expressed confusion, anxiety, and fear, influenced by media coverage and memories of COVID-19. (3) Preventive Practices and Family Readiness. Participants adopted hygiene routines and family-based health education, often integrated with religious and cultural practices. Conclusion: This study adds new insight by showing how informal information networks and COVID-19-related risk memories shape Mpox risk appraisal and translate into family- and faith-informed preparedness practices. The findings highlight the need for culturally responsive, community-based health communication that leverages trusted local networks and household preparedness.