A Framework Model for EV Charging Station Deployment in Transportation Network Synchronized With Distribution Network by a Bi-Level Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising solution to urban environmental challenges, but their unplanned growth could strain both the road and electric networks. To address this issue, this paper introduces the Combined Model of Road Transport and Electric Distribution Network (CoRTED), a framework for strategically deploying EV charging stations considering the dynamics of both networks. The CoRTED model minimizes EV user travel costs, power loss, and voltage deviation. The model employs a bi-level optimization approach with PSO-DS algorithm for station deployment and combined convex optimization (CCO) for traffic network equilibrium. Grid economic operation is formulated as AC OPF and solved using a primal-dual interior point method. Validation is performed using a modified Nguyen-Dupius RTN and IEEE 33 bus EDN, demonstrating CoRTED's effectiveness in integrated network planning for EV infrastructure. Due to the increase in power demand by EVs, the loss and voltage deviation are increased to 4.679 MW and 24.23%, respectively. The proposed model reduces the losses and voltage deviation by 4.487 MW and 1.24%. Also, the total travel cost on the traffic network is reduced by 1.9% as the charging costs at each charging station are reduced.