Livelihood transitions in selected former homelands of South Africa: A thirty-year systematic literature review

Abstract

This systematic literature review examines the state of academic research on livelihood transitions in former homelands in South Africa, focusing on QwaQwa and Transkei from 1994 to 2024. These homelands, created during apartheid, faced economic and social marginalisation that impacted livelihood portfolios. The review highlights trends in livelihood shifts from subsistence agriculture to diversified sources like wage labour, services sector employment, entrepreneurship, and remittances. It explores the impact of migration, rural development, land reform, and infrastructure on livelihoods, along with gender dynamics, environmental pressures, and the role of education and healthcare. The review also identifies gaps in the literature, including the need for long-term studies, comparative research, and exploration of climate change, youth migration, and technology in rural economies. It concludes with future research recommendations to better understand these regions’ livelihood dynamics.