Genetic diversity analysis and conservation implications for the Iberian threatened populations of the irano-turanian relict Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (Chenopodiaceae)

Abstract

Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst. (Chenopodiaceae) is an irano-turanian steppe plant with a striking geographical vicariance between the western Mediterranean and the central Asian regions. Its westernmost populations are located in the north-east part of the Iberian Peninsula, in the narrow middle Ebro and Alfambra valleys, where they are threatened and have been catalogued as 'vulnerable'. Genetic diversity and structure was studied in 150 individuals from five populations of these two valleys using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). A total of 121 informative bands allowed the identification of 150 genotypes. Nei's genetic diversity found in all natural populations (h = 0.448) was higher than that of other geographical restricted species. Analysis of molecular variance and spatial correlations analyses showed a strong genetic differentiation among populations (35.88%) and among valleys (22.33%). The unweighted pair-group method of arithmetical averages and Neighbour-joining clusterings further demonstrated a substructure of two population cores within the Ebro valley. Our genetic data suggest that the high levels of genetic diversity and the strong genetic structure found among the northern Iberian populations and ranges of K. ceratoides might result from the summed effects of its tetraploidy, its outbreeding nature, and its success in colonizing newly altered areas. However, the ISSR data might also reflect the existence of an ancient wider distribution range of the plant in the Iberian Peninsula coupled with a more recent history of habitat fragmentation. Different management conservation guidelines are recommended for this plant after our genetic analysis: a microreserve of approximately 2 km2 is proposed for the highly threatened population of Osera (Ebro valley), whereas seed collection strategies and occasional population reinforcements are suggested for the remaining populations. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London.