Voyages of measurement in education in the twentieth century: Experts, tools and centres

Abstract

Through the twentieth century, an international scientific community in education, testing and statistics appeared which was rooted in the same texts and processes and worked together across distance and in specific research centres. From Thorndike in New York in the early 1900s to Husén in Hamburg and Stockholm in the late 1900s, there is a web of shared procedures and purposes. The administration and management of education came to depend on the work of community to solve problems and develop governance and control across the sites and work of education.