Enhanced renoprotective effects of combined glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Real-world evidence

Abstract

Introduction: Developing a more effective treatment for the global impact of diabetic kidney disease is crucial. This study examined the renoprotective effects of combining glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) compared to SGLT2is alone in type 2 diabetes (DM). Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study used data from the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network. Type 2 DM patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 who used GLP-1 RA or SGLT2i between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2023. Propensity score matching balanced baseline characteristics, resulting in 71,186 patients in each group (combined GLP-1 RA and SGLT2i therapy vs SGLT2i alone). Cox regression model was adopted to compare outcomes over a 5-year period, including major adverse kidney events (MAKE), acute kidney injury (AKI), end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), and all-cause mortality. Results: After matching, the average age was 57.1 ± 10.8 years for the GLP-1 RA plus SGLT2i group and 57.2 ± 11.7 years for the SGLT2i-only group. The GLP-1 RA plus SGLT2i group had significantly lower risk of MAKE (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69–0.77), AKI (HR: 0.82, 95% C0I: 0.77–0.87), ESKD (HR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.47–0.78), and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.50–0.58) compared to the SGLT2i-only group. Moreover, subgroup analyses showed consistent benefits across different subgroups. Conclusions: Dual therapy with GLP-1 RA and SGLT2i is supported to enhance renal outcomes and address the growing burden of diabetic kidney disease.