Hydrothermally synthesized zinc oxide nanorods incorporated on lab-on-paper device for electrochemical detection of recreational drug

Abstract

This paper reports an electrochemical paper analytical device (EPAD) for detection of recreational drug; methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). MDMA is used as an addictive narcotic by youth and there is an urgent need to detect this drug as it is a potential neurotoxic agent. The proposed EPAD represents many advantageous features of being simple, low-cost, consistent and disposable. The working electrode of the EPAD features zinc oxide nanorods (ZnONRs). The morphological, optical, elemental composition and phase analysis of the synthesized ZnONRs has been characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), photo-luminescence (PL) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The developed sensor showed optimum response at 7.0 pH and wide linear range of 1 µM–1 mM with a low detection limit of 0.1 µM for MDMA. Evaluation of the sensor also revealed best results in terms of analytical recovery (95%) and accuracy (95%). The designed EPAD could prove to be very effective in case of forensic diagnostic applications. This work provides a reliable diagnostic method for remote areas with limited resources, and will also help people who cannot afford expensive medical tests and have limited access to power and trained personnel.