Competitive athletes with implantable cardioverter–defibrillators—How to program? Data from the Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillator Sports Registry

Abstract

Background: Athletes with an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (ICD) may require unique optimal device-based tachycardia programming. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the association of tachycardia programming characteristics of ICDs with occurrence of shocks, transient loss-of-consciousness, and death among athletes. Methods: A subanalysis of a prospective, observational, international registry of 440 athletes with ICDs followed for a median of 44 months was performed. Programming characteristics were divided into groups for rate cutoff (very high, high, or low) and detection (long-detection interval [>nominal] or nominal). Endpoints included total, appropriate, and inappropriate shocks, transient loss-of-consciousness, and mortality. Results: In this cohort, 62% were programmed with high-rate cutoff and 30% with long detection. No athlete died of an arrhythmia (related or unrelated) to ICD shocks. Three patients had sustained ventricular tachycardia below programmed detection rate, presenting as palpations and/or dizziness. ICD shocks were received by 98 athletes (64 appropriate, 32 inappropriate); 2 patients received both. Programming a high-rate cutoff was associated with decreased risk of total (P =.01) and inappropriate (P =.04) shocks overall and during competition or practice. Programming long-detection intervals was associated with fewer total shocks. Single- vs dual-chamber devices and the number of zones were unrelated to risk of shock. Transient loss-of-consciousness, associated with 27 appropriate shocks, was not related to programming characteristics. Conclusion: High-rate cutoff and long-detection duration programming of ICDs in athletes at risk for sudden death can reduce total and inappropriate ICD shocks without affecting survival or the incidence of transient loss-of-consciousness.